The fifth and last ruler of the Hyksos in Egypt, was Asiss, which word (as used by the Egyptian authority and historian, Manetho, in the 3rd century B.C.) comes from the Greek "Asebes": meaning “impious, anti-GOD, wicked and sinful.” His pursuing hatred of the Jews with his armies are reminiscent of Revelation’s Anti-Christ, whose armies will pursue the Jewish remnant into Jordan, but be stopped by a sink-hole collapse in front, and a tidal wave from behind (Revelation 12:6, 13-16). It is this Pharaoh, Asiss, the Anak/Hyksos ruler of Egypt who perished in the Red Sea with his mighty armies in 1551 B.C.
These Hyksos kings spoke a variant of Aramaic or “Semitic”. In the isle of Crete, several hundred clay tablets were discovered as dating from the Late Bronze Age, or immediately following the rule of these Syrian Pharaohs of Egypt (hence, the dates of ca. 1550 - 1200 B.C.).
The tablets labeled Linear A and a later set labeled Linear B, used ideograms: pictures acting as a multi-linguistic dialectical dictionary within Semitism. These incorporated what was at first a Semitic form of Mycenaean (ancient Achaean) Greek, transposed against Hebrew, Ugaritic, and Akkadian pronunciations. Cyrus Gordon was thus able to show that the Philistine false deity of Dagon, and the Philistine king of Gerar, were every bit as Semitic as the Hebrews were. ( Biblical Archaeology Review, Vol. 26, No.6,, Nov/Dec 2000 - pp. 60-61; “Against the Tide: Interview with Maverick Scholar Cyrus Gordon.”)
What most historians fail to realize, especially those who don't do their homework, is that the island of Santorini, where the Minoans were said to have first based their kingdom, blew up in an explosion many times the force of Krakatoa simultaneous to the judgements that fell upon Egypt, in the few months prior to the Exodus in Nisan of 1551 B.C.
Archaeology allows a Middle Bronze Age Exodus debate
Was a 1511 fall of Jericho possible?
In fact, the field notes of Kathleen Kenyon (chief excavator of this site) first showed that the pottery found at Jericho's destruction dated to something like the 1490s B.C. to as late as the 1550s B.C., or within the confines of my 1511 B.C. date of Jericho's destruction.
And if you look at how she was mistreated and suppressed in her conduct after Jericho, even after she conformed to the British Museum of Antiquities' party line chronology...you can see her career as stifled from the moment of the political backlash/uproar was made when her field notes became public knowledge. She chose tenure over exile.
This same debate of a Late Bronze Age versus Middle Bronze Age still continues to this day, and is used to "effectively discourage Zionism" and the fact that there was an actual historical Exodus from Egypt.
A 1550’s date of Jericho’s pottery is still cited by Middle Bronze Age proponents, and left as a viable analysis/conclusion in the debate, which often shifts elsewhere. To see how the issue is danced about, check out: Biblical Archaeology Review, Vol. 16, No. 5, Sep/Oct 1990
-- “Battle over Jericho heats up” (debate between) Piotr Bienkowski and Bryant G.Wood pp. 45-49, 68-69.
-- “3,200 year old Picture of Israelites found in Egypt” by Frank R. Yurco, pp.20-38
Bienkowski demonstrates that “Jerusalem was destroyed in the Middle Bronze Age, not the Late Bronze Age.” The relief at Karnak still has not been fully understood because it is partially destroyed; but it does show that the Israelites were already in the Land long before certain invasions occurred, supporting a Middle Bronze Age thesis and the Biblical
record.
At the entry of Jacob in 1769 B.C., it was 215 years into the 430 year Abrahamic Covenant Prophetic era.
Josephus, Antiquities, 2.15. 2. They left Egypt in the month Xanthicus, on the fifteenth day of the lunar month; 430 years after our forefather Abraham came into Canaan, but 215 years only after Jacob removed into Egypt. It was the eightieth year of the age of Moses, and of that of Aaron three more....
The date of the departure is listed as being 393 years before Danaus the brother of Sethosis/Egyptus, went to settle Greece with a naval force (Josephus, Against Apion, 1.16, et al.). The beginning of that reign was something like November 1223 B.C. to November 1210 B.C.
At the time that reckonings were sometimes confused with the pre-Cyrus 10 month calendar used by the Greeks (Theophilus to Autolycus, 3.27). This would make the Exodus converted from 393 to 320 years earlier, or in the range of 1543 to 1530 B.C. according to Manetho's account. Within the +/- 22 years margin of error to be expected of these ancient historians.
So there is no confusion that Josephus clearly meant and intended a mid 16th century B.C. Exodus, and used a like witness in Manetho (the LXX era Egyptian historian, also in Alexandria Egypt with the 70 and Ptolemy) to confirm his clear intent -- an Exodus of circa 1551 B.C.
What most historians fail to realize, especially those who don't do their homework, is that the island of Santorini, where the Minoans were said to have first based their kingdom, blew up in an explosion many times the force of Krakatoa simultaneous to the judgements that fell upon Egypt, in the few months prior to the Exodus in Nisan of 1551 B.C.
Fail? Brainroy, you give them too much credit. These "historians", you, and I know better (Romans 1:18-32).
Using a Jewish calendar, Josephus: reckons a total of 477 years and 6 months between the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 B.C., and the building of Jerusalem by King David.
David, the king of the Jews, ejected the Canaanites, and set-tied his own people therein. It [Jerusalem] was demolished entirely by the Babylonians, 477 years and 6 months after him. [After his taking Jerusalem in 1063 B.C.]
And from [the birth of ] King David, who was the first of the Jews who reigned therein, to this destruction under Titus [in A.D. 70], were 1,179 years [ca. 1109 B.C. - David's birth, hence his death was estimated as 1039 B.C. by Josephus]; but from its first building, till this last destruction, were 2,177 years [first built by the Hyksos' relations in 2107 B.C.].... (Josephus, Wars of the Jews 6.10.).
When Josephus is properly read, we see David's reign in Jerusalem must begin -- in no uncertain terms -- in 1063 B.C. This ancient witness completely obliterates the (in my opinion) illiterates of ancient historians like Professor Finkelstein of the Israeli Antiquities Authority; and also destroys the Minimalist/Atheistic view of a 900s B.C. King David --who is wagged at as if a myth, a 900s B.C. assignment of King David by the unbelievers (in the first place) is merely an excuse just to say that: "now the record of the kings is to be challenged" as being "too long to fit." Or some such archilochean shamanism and impitible poppycock on their part as they blubber over a glass of wine.
In his Antiquities of the Jews, 8.3.1. Josephus uses the reckoning of the familiar Greek calendar (of his Roman audiences) to state that Solomon built the Temple 592 years after the Hebrew Exodus, before switching gears and reverting to the Jewish calendar of reckoning again. Josephus knows the Scriptures use 480 years, as according to Hebrew reckoning, in I Kings 6:1. The Greek calendar years of 592 times our inter-calculatory fraction (the pre Cyrus Grk. 10 mo. calendar) is 480 years. If David dies in the 1039 B.C., we now have an entry into the Land somewhere...again...in the fifteen-tens or 1515-1511 B.C.
In Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, 20.10.1, in discussing the lineage of the high priests from Moses to the Solomon's Temple Dedication; Josephus gives a similar length of time (612 Greek years).
Accordingly, the number of all the high priests from Aaron, of whom...
until Phanas, who was made high priest during the war by the seditious, was 83; of whom 13 officiated as high priests in the wilderness, from the days of Moses, while the tabernacle was standing, until the people came into Judea, when king Solomon erected the temple to G-D; for at the first they held the high priesthood till the end of their life, although afterward they had successors while they were alive.
Now the number of years during the rule of these thirteen, from the day when our fathers departed out of Egypt, under Moses their leader, until the building of that temple which king Solomon erected at Jerusalem, were 612 [short years or converted, or 496 years -- hence, ff. Aaron, from 1527 B.C.].
After those 13 high priests, 18 took the high priesthood at Jerusalem, one in succession to another, from the days of king Solomon, until Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, made an expedition against that city, and burnt the temple, and removed our nation into Babylon,
and then took Josadek, the high priest, captive; the times of these high priests were 466 years, 6 months, and 10 days, [after the Hebrew calendar, or straight years] while the Jews were still under the regal government. But after the term of seventy years' captivity under the Babylonians, Cyrus, king of Persia, sent the Jews from Babylon to their own land again
From 16 years before the entry into Canaan until Solomon's Temple dedication, there were only 13 high priests ruling in all that time. 480 divided by 13 is about 37 years per high priest’s tenure. Contrast this with the 28 appointed high priests in the 107 years from Herod I to Titus’ conquest, in which the average high priest served for a little less than 4 years because of robbery and political corruption of the office.
Again the historical record left us tells us of a Hyksos era exodus from Egypt.
One example of using the Patristic (early Church Fathers) reckoning of Greek history, as they left us in their writings, is found in the dating of the fall of Troy.
During the times of the 62nd Olympiad, Heraclitus wrote that the Trojan War and the First Olympiad were separated by 407 [10-month] years (Clement, Miscellanies, 1.21).
By that reckoning, the Trojan War ends in 1071 B.C. But Clement also cites the Greek historian Eratosthenes, who appears to “phrase” an oversight to historians.
......a) From the capture of Troy to the descent (or expedition) of the Heraclidae: are 80 [10-month] years
......b) From the Heraclidae to the founding of Ionia: are 60 [10-month] years
......c) From the Heraclidae to the protectorate of Lycurgus: are 159 [10-month] years
......d) From the protectorate of Lycurgus to the First Olympiad: are 108 [10-month] years
First Assumption ---------------------------- Actual Testimony
1070 B.C. The fall of Troy ------------------- ---1032 B.C.
1005 B.C. The descent of Heraclidae ------------ 957 B.C.
957 B.C. Ionia is founded ------------------------909 B.C.
828 B.C. The “Protectorate of Lycurgus” ---------828 B.C.
741 B.C. The First Olympiad ---------------------741 B.C.
In the above, we find that the testimony hinges on a double reckoning from the descent of Heraclidae. Once this ‘double reckoning’ (whereas the same starting point, but two differing length ending points) is established as being the ‘actual intent’ of the Greek historian: it is then corrected, and the Greek reckoning falls in line with the biblical testimony.
It also casts a light of importance on the ‘double reckoning’ as well, because to Eratosthenes, the descent of the Heraclidae is a major calculable event in Greek history.
Therefore, prior to the Olympics, the Greeks must have used this as an event year from which to reckon from for about 216 years actual, or about 256 [10 month] years on their calendars. In 741 B.C., King Ahaz and the "official" first Olympiad began, even though it had been more or less disorganized and unofficial in practice for perhaps 40 plus years more.
Josephus (Wars of the Jews, 6.4.8) reckon’s the dating between Solomon’s birth and the destruction of the Temple in A.D. 70 is : 1,130 years, 7 months, 15 days. If we accept a destruction of the Temple in early August 70 A.D. (for example), Solomon’s birth (according to Josephus) would then be around Christmas to New Years (Dec 25 1062 B.C. to Jan 1 1061 B.C.).
That is, in being in Jerusalem for just one year, around or just after Purim of 1062 B.C., David is forcing himself (in lust) upon Bathsheba when he was age 47.
In Theophilus to Autolycus, 3.22., we read that “Solomon the king built [the Temple] 566 [Greek 10 month] years AFTER the Exodus of the Jews [had ended].” This is roughly a few months shy of 459 years.
In the Hebrew of I Kings 6:1, we read this direct literal translation:
“And it was in the 80th and 400 from the la(t)sa’ah of the sons of Israel from the land of Egypt….”
Technically, we can translate la(t)sa’ah in this verse as “exodus” – because it has to do with: a conclusion, a finishing of, an end to – the act of a going out or exodus.
My reckoning of an entry from the Wilderness under Joshua was in 1511 B.C. If Israel warred 15 years before settling and concluding the Exodus, we then come to a date of 1496 B.C. 459 years more brings us to 1037 B.C.
According to Theophilus, Solomon would have begun building the Temple in 1037 B.C., two years after David’s death (if we were so bold as to overlap Josephus without any margin of error). That leaves 2 years to build the Temple. Was it possible?
David had already collected all the materials necessary for the Temple. So for 2 years, Solomon could have made a full engineering and architect analysis to put into practice; been grading, having materials cut to specific shapes and sizes, etc. We are told that Solomon also had the man-power to accomplish his task in 2 years time,in which Alexander Polyhistor (‘On the Jews’) lists Solomon being given 80,000 Egyptian men specifically for the building of the Temple (Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 1.21).
Hence the mystery of the walls about the Temple are that they were laid with Egyptian ingenuity, a gift of the nations to temple, and why the outer courts are called the Courts of the Gentiles.
“From Ogygus [the ruler of Attica / the region of ancient Athens contemporaneous to the Exodus] to Cyrus, as from Moses to his time, are 1235 [Greek 10 month] years (Julius Africanus, extant 8 and 13.3).
"From Ogygus …to Cyrus are 1237 [Greek 10 month years]. And if one carries the calculation backwards…there are 1237 [Greek 10 month] years…the same period is found to (be) the 1st year of the Exodus of Israel under Moses from Egypt, as from the 55th Olympiad to Ogygus, who founded Eleusis." (Julius Africanus, extant 13.4).
1237 ten month years as calculated by Julius Africanus (being at a 5 day variance from Josephus who calculated after a 305 day calendar of Macedonia), is 1016 (365.25 day)years. The fall of 1552 B.C., the beginning of the first year of the Exodus when Moses was called to the Burning Bush, is brought down to 536 B.C.
Cyrus is calculated (by scholarship specializing in this dating) to have entered Babylon on October 29, 539 B.C.
The building of the Second Temple, following the 70 year exile is calculated to have begun in 536 B.C.
So, if there is a slight error in calculating from 1552/1551 B.C. to 536/535 B.C., by Julius Africanus, and slightly miscalculating the beginning of the re-building of the Temple…we are still well within acceptable margins of error of fractions of a single percentage point.